ABSTRACT In this study, the aim of this study was to identify the source of resistance using KASP markers developed for Rpp1 – Rpp5 and screening for resistance in field trials in F2 populations. Ten F2 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) populations derived from crosses between rust-susceptible (55I57RSF IPRO, 63I64RSF IPRO) and rust-resistant sources (PI 200492, PI 594538A, PI 587880A, PI 594723, PI 230970, PI 506764, PI 459025A and PI 200487) were evaluated. All F2 plants were individually evaluated in field conditions for ASR phenotypic reactions and classified according to sporulation level. KASP markers were developed according to assays associated with Rpp genes available at SoyBase. Based on a slight difference in map position and different phenotypic disease reactions of PI 200492, we suggest that PI 594723 carries a resistance gene Rpp1-b. The Rpp1-b gene from PI 594723 was mapped on Chr 18 in a 12.4 cM region. The PIs carrying Rpp1-b (PI 594723, PI 587880A, and 594538A) showed strong resistance to ASR compared to the lines carrying Rpp1 (PI 200492). A total of 26 KASP markers were significantly associated (P < 0.01) with ASR resistance. Among those, M1, M5, and M6 (Rpp1), M13 and M14 (Rpp2), M16, M17 and M20 (Rpp3), M25 and M26 (Rpp4), and M27 and M28 (Rpp5) have the potential to be used in marker-assisted selection strategies.

ABSTRACT Tomatoes are a highlight in the organic vegetables production, but in order to cultivate them, there is a lack of information on cultivars adapted to the organic system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and to characterize the quality attributed to tomato fruits under the organic production system. The experiment was conducted in field, on an agroecological farm , in the municipality of Verê, Paraná State - Brazil. The experiment consisted on fourteen tomato cultivars, under a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The evaluated traits were the total and commercial fruit production, total and commercial number of fruits, mass and average diameter of commercial fruits and physicochemical quality traits (firmness, pH, color (L*, C and h°), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and the ratio of SS/TA). Considering together production traits and fruit quality aspects, the cultivars Netuno, Aguamiel, and Cordilheira can be considered the best choices, having potential to be recommended for organic production system.

ABSTRACT. Grain size is an essential trait in common bean breeding as it determines the acceptance of a new cultivar by producers, consumers, and the industry. The objectives of this study were to identify the ideal traits for selecting common bean lines in the F3 generation to obtain an adequate sieve yield and to identify the best lines for sieve yield by applying early generation selection. Two trials were conducted in two locations during the 2016/2017 crop season. These trials were composed of 300 F3 populations and two parents (used as checks). The experimental design used was an augmented block design without repetition for the treatments (lineages). After harvest, the grain yield, yield components, and sieve yield (SY) were evaluated. In conclusion, selection in the F3 generation can be performed for sieve yield, considering the traits SY12+13, SY14, and relative grain yield, as they present the highest values of heritability and greatest correlation between genotype and performance in the evaluated environments. Additionally, the lines selected to continue in the breeding program are composed of the 15 best lineages for traits SY12+13, SY14, and relative grain yield. Preference should be given to lines that excel in more than one of these traits.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the breeding influences in different agronomic and physiological traits in Brazilian soybean cultivars, released between 1965 and 2011, to identify traits associated with modern cultivars. A total of 29 cultivars were evaluated in two locations in the 2016/17 crop season. Genotype selection based on agronomic and physiological traits was determined using GYT (Grain Yield*Trait) methodology, which uses the Superiority Index to rank genotypes by mean of all traits. Grain Yield is combined with other target traits and shows the strengths and weaknesses of each genotype. Soybean breeding improved desirable traits during the 46 years of evaluation. Superiority index can be a powerful tool for breeders to obtain high genetic gains in the future. The cultivars DMario 58i, TMG 7161RR and TMG 7262 RR stand out as the best cultivars but present different sets of desirable traits. The traits grain yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, reproductive-vegetative ratio, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate are core traits which can be evaluated in soybean breeding programs.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de grãos e a estabilidade de genótipos de feijão, além da representatividade e da discriminância de locais em ensaios multiambientes, por meio de análises GGE biplot. O rendimento de grãos de 27 genótipos foi avaliado em 16 ensaios, realizados em nove locais do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, na primeira e na segunda safras de 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Como os testes não foram realizados em todos os locais nem em todas as estações de cultivo de ambos os anos, um conjunto de dados altamente desbalanceado foi usado. O genótipo 5 (CHC 01-175-1) foi o mais produtivo e estável, e pode ser considerado o mais próximo ao ideal para a região-alvo. Além disso, esse genótipo apresentou desempenho satisfatório tanto para a primeira quanto para a segunda safras, tendo superado o desempenho de todas as testemunhas utilizadas nos ensaios; portanto, esse genótipo tem potencial para ser lançado como uma nova cultivar. Chapecó pode ser considerado o local ideal de seleção de genótipos de feijão, no estado de Santa Catarina, pois apresenta elevada discriminância e representavidade, tanto para primeira quanto para a segunda safra.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the grain yield and stability of common bean genotypes, as well as the representativeness and discrimination ability of locations in multi-environment trials (METs), using the GGE biplot analysis. The grain yield of 27 genotypes was evaluated in 16 trials carried out in nine locations, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the first and second crop seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. As the trials were neither conducted in all locations, nor in all growing seasons of both years, a highly unbalanced dataset was used. Genotype 5 (CHC 01-175-1) was the most productive and stable, common bean genotype and can be considered the closest one to the ideal for the target region. Furthermore, this genotype performs well in both crop seasons, outperforming all the evaluated checks; therefore, it has the potential to be released as a new cultivar. Chapecó can be considered the ideal location for the selection of common bean genotypes, in the state of Santa Catarina, since it shows high representativeness and discrimination ability in the rainy and dry crop seasons.

Abstract The wheat cultivar UTF 25 is recommended for wheat-growing regions 1 and 2 of Paraná and Santa Catarina states. It has a good disease resistance, early cycle, and high grain yield potential, with an average yield of 3.511 kg ha-1. It is classified as bread wheat with white flour.

Abstract Experimental design without replication, such as Federer's augmented block design, allows us to determine productivity, adaptability and stability in multi-environment trials. This work aimed to select productive wheat lines with high adaptability and stability in preliminary trials. The grain yield of 140 homozygous wheat lines was measured in 2015 at three locations. The cultivar TBIO Mestre was used as a check. Genetic parameters were evaluated by mixed models, and selection was based on the harmonic mean of the relative performance of the genetic values (HMRPGV) using models 74 (individual analysis) and 75 (joint analysis) of Selegen software. In the joint analysis, 33 wheat lines stood out in terms of productivity, adaptability and stability. These lines have the potential to be evaluated in Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) trials for future release of new wheat cultivars.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar locais-chave de teste em duas macrorregiões sojícolas no Brasil, para avaliação e seleção de linhagens de soja (Glycine max). Foram testadas 22 cultivares em 23 locais, nessas duas macrorregiões (MR1 e MR2), durante quatro anos, de 2012 a 2015. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Todas as análises foram realizadas com uso do programa GGEbiplot. As análises efeito principal de genótipo mais interação genótipo × local + efeito principal de genótipo mais interação genótipo × ambiente e efeito genotípico vs. efeito do genótipo x ambiente foram utilizadas para identificar locais de teste, isto é, locais com alta representatividade e consistência de resultados. Chapada, no Rio Grande do Sul, e Maracaju, no Mato Grosso do Sul, foram os principais locais em MR1 e MR2, respectivamente. Estes locais foram os mais representativos e consistentes ao longo dos anos, e o efeito genotípico explicou uma alta proporção da variância fenotípica.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify core locations in two soybean macroregions in Brazil for the evaluation and selection of soybean (Glycine max) lineages. Twenty-two cultivars were tested in 23 locations in these two macroregions (MR1 and MR2), during four years, from 2012 to 2015. Trials were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. All analyses were performed using the GGEbiplot software. The genotype main effects plus genotype × location interaction + genotype main effects plus genotype × environment interaction and genotypic effect vs. genotype x environment effect analyses were used to identify core locations, i.e., locations with high representativeness and consistency of results. Chapada, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and Maracaju, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, were the core locations in MR1 and MR2, respectively. These locations were the most representative and consistent over the years, and the genotypic effect explained a high proportion of phenotypic variance.

Abstract WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are responsible for the regulation of genes responsive to many plant growth and developmental cues, as well as to biotic and abiotic stresses. The modulation of gene expression by WRKY proteins primarily occurs by DNA binding at specific cis-regulatory elements, the W-box elements, which are short sequences located in the promoter region of certain genes. In addition, their action can occur through interaction with other TFs and the cellular transcription machinery. The current genome sequences available reveal a relatively large number of WRKY genes, reaching hundreds of copies. Recently, functional genomics studies in model plants have enabled the identification of function and mechanism of action of several WRKY TFs in plants. This review addresses the more recent studies in plants regarding the function of WRKY TFs in both model and crop plants for coping with environmental challenges, including a wide variety of abiotic and biotic stresses.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as associações entre estimativas de adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade em soja (Glycine max), e estimar o coeficiente de repetibilidade dessas associações entre anos. Foram avaliados 22 genótipos em 27 ambientes, na safra 2012/2013, e em 19 ambientes na 2013/2014. Nas safras seguintes, foram avaliados 28 genótipos em 26 ambientes, em 2014/2015, e em 25 ambientes em 2015/2016, no total de 97 ensaios. Quatorze métodos foram avaliados; os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman foram obtidos para os parâmetros adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade; e os coeficientes de repetibilidade, bem como o número mínimo de ambientes necessário para se obter um coeficiente de determinação de 80 e 90%, foram calculados. O número mínimo de ambientes necessários para estimar o grau de associação entre as estimativas dos parâmetros foi baixo (sete locais). Os métodos de Eberhart & Russell e GGE biplot são essenciais na avaliação da produtividade, da adaptabilidade e da estabilidade em soja, pois conseguem englobar estes aspectos com o uso de um conjunto mínimo de métodos. Já os métodos de Annicchiarico (AN), Silva & Barreto (SB), Cruz (CR) e Storck & Vencovsky (SV) podem ser utilizados para gerar informações complementares, tais como: verificação da estabilidade para ambientes em geral e para ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis (AN); adaptabilidade em ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis (SB, CR e SV); e produtividade média em todos os ambientes, e em ambientes favoráveis ou desfavoráveis (SV).

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the association between estimates of adaptability, stability, and productivity in soybean (Glycine max), and to estimate the repeatability coefficient of these associations between years. A total of 22 genotypes were evaluated in 27 environments in the 2012/2013 crop season and in 19 environments in 2013/2014. In the next crop seasons, 28 genotypes were evaluated in 26 environments, in 2014/2015, and in 25 environments in 2015/2016, totalizing 97 trials. Fourteen methods were evaluated; Spearman correlation coefficients were obtained for the parameters of stability, adaptability, and productivity; and the repeatability coefficients, as well as the minimum number of required environments for a coefficient of determination of 80 and 90%, were calculated. The minimum number of environments required to estimate the degree of association between the parameters was low (seven sites). The methods of Eberhart & Russell and GGE biplot are essential in the evaluation of productivity, adaptability, and stability in soybean because they are able to encompass these aspects using a minimum set of methods. The methods of Annicchiarico (AN), Silva & Barreto (SB), Cruz (CR), and Storck & Vencovsky (SV) can be used to generate complementary information, such as: stability for general, favorable, and unfavorable environments (AN); adaptability in favorable and unfavorable environments (SB, CR, and SV); and average productivity in all environments and in favorable or unfavorable environments (SV).

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo, a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de cultivares modernas de soja (Glycine max), em ensaios multiambientes, assim como identificar os genótipos ideais para oito ambientes de cultivo no Brasil. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, para a avaliação de 46 cultivares em oito ambientes, nas microrregiões de adaptação 102, 201 e 202, na safra 2014/2015. Ocorreu interação genótipo x ambiente complexa, com alterações do ranqueamento de cultivares entre os locais. As cultivares NA 5909 RG, M6410IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO, NS6823RR, M5917IPRO, NS 6767 RR e 6563RSF IPRO apresentaram as maiores médias produtivas. As cultivares NA 5909 RG, NS6823RR, M6410IPRO e NS 5959 IPRO apresentaram elevada adaptabilidade e estabilidade e alta produtividade de grãos, nos ambientes avaliados, e posicionaram-se próximo do que seria considerado ideal para os ambientes analisados. Há cultivares modernas de soja adaptadas, estáveis e com elevada produtividade, para o cultivo nas microrregiões 102, 201 e 202 de adaptação da cultura da soja no Brasil.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, and the adaptability and stability parameters of modern soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in multi-environment trials, as well as to identify the ideal genotypes for eight growing environments in Brazil. A randomized complete block experimental design was carried out, with three replicates, for the evaluation of 46 soybean cultivars in eight environments, in the microregions of adaptation 102, 201, and 202, in the 2014/2015 crop season. A complex genotype x environment interaction occurred, with changes in the ranking of genotypes among locations. The NA 5909 RG, M6410IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO, NS6823RR, M5917IPRO, NS 6767 RR, and 6563RSF IPRO cultivars showed the highest mean yields. The NA 5909 RG, NS6823RR, M6410IPRO, and NS 5959 IPRO cultivars showed high adaptability and stability and high grain yield, in the evaluated environments, and were ranked next to the ideal genotype for the analyzed environments. There are modern soybean cultivars, which are adapted, stable, and highly productive, for cultivation in the microregions 102, 201, and 202 for soybean crop adaptation in Brazil.

RESUMO A seleção de genótipos resistentes a doenças é uma meta prioritária dos programas de melhoramento genético de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). Mas, devido não existir genótipos resistentes à todas as doenças e a forte influência do ambiente no nível de resistência dos genótipos, o uso de fungicidas é necessário no cultivo do trigo. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o ganho em produtividade e a eficiência da seleção de genótipos de trigo devido à aplicação de fungicida em ensaios realizados em diferentes locais e anos de cultivo. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos de 816 genótipos de trigo avaliados em 248 ensaios de competição, em oito locais, nas safras agrícolas de 2004 a 2012. O ganho com a aplicação de fungicida para um dado genótipo foi estimado pela diferença entre a produtividade das parcelas que receberam fungicida e o tratamento controle. Os maiores ganhos com a aplicação de fungicida foram observados em locais que apresentam menores temperaturas médias e maiores indíces pluviométricos, tais como Campo Mourão, Castro, Não-Me-Toque e Guarapuava. Já os menores ganhos com a aplicação de fungicidas ocorreram em Dourados e Palotina, ambientes que geralmente impõem estresses hídricos a cultura e que possuem temperaturas médias mais elevadas. O efeito de anos de cultivo resultou em incrementos de produtividade devido a aplicação de fungicida que variaram de 16,9 a 60,7%. A seleção e a avaliação da resposta à aplicação de fungicida em trigo deve ser ambiente-específica, buscando maximizar o aproveitamento da interação genótipo x ambiente.

ABSTRACT Selection of disease resistant genotypes is the main goal of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs. However, because of the lack of genotypes resistant to all diseases and the strong influence of the environment on the level of resistance of the genotypes, the use of fungicides is necessary in the cultivation of wheat. The objective of this study was to compare the gain in yield and the selection efficiency of wheat genotypes due to the fungicide application in trials carried out in different sites and years. This study used grain yield data from 816 wheat genotypes evaluated in 248 advanced trials at eight sites during the years from 2004 to 2012. The gain resulting from fungicide application for a given genotype was estimated by the difference between yield of plots on which fungicide was applied and control treatment. The greatest gains with fungicide application were observed in sites with lower average temperatures and higher rainfall indices, such as Campo Mourão, Castro, Não-Me-Toque and Guarapuava. On the other hand, the lowest gains with fungicide application occurred in Dourados and Palotina, environments where crops in general suffer water stress and present higher average temperatures. The year effect resulted in yield increases due to fungicide application ranging from 16.9 to 60.7%. The selection and evaluation of the response to the application of fungicide in wheat should be environment-specific to maximize the use of genotype x environment interaction.

RESUMO A sensibilidade às variações ambientais observada na cultura do trigo implica na interação genótipo (G) × ambiente (A) (IGA) significativa. Objetivamos com o presente estudo comparar metodologias estatísticas para a análise da adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de trigo em ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso (VCU). Foram utilizados dados de desempenho produtivo de 22 genótipos de trigo avaliados em 3 locais (Guarapuava, Cascavel e Abelardo Luz), nas safras agrícolas de 2012 e 2013. Em cada ensaio, foi empregado o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com 3 repetições. Na avaliação da IGA, foram utilizadas metodologias baseadas em modelos mistos, análise de variância, regressão linear, análises multivariadas e não paramétricas. Para verificar semelhanças na seleção dos genótipos pelas diferentes metodologias, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de postos de Spearman. As metodologias Annicchiarico, Lin e Binns modificada, bem como a média harmônica dos valores genéticos (MHVG) permitem identificar genótipos estáveis e, ao mesmo tempo, mais produtivos. A magnitude do rendimento de grãos não é associada às estimativas de estabilidade de Wricke, de Eberhart e Russell, escores do primeiro componente principal do método AMMI1 e a estabilidade pela análise GGE biplot, indicando que genótipos estáveis não necessariamente são mais produtivos. Para os dados analisados neste estudo, os métodos AMMI1 e GGE biplot mostraram-se equivalentes em relação ao ordenamento dos genótipos pela estabilidade e adaptabilidade.

ABSTRACT The sensitivity of wheat crop to environmental variations frequently results in significant genotype (G) x environment (E) interaction (GEI). We compared statistical methods to analyze adaptability and stability of wheat genotypes in value for cultivation and use (VCU) trials. We used yield performance data of 22 wheat genotypes evaluated in three locations (Guarapuava, Cascavel, and Abelardo Luz) in 2012 and 2013. Each trial consisted of a complete randomized block design with three replications. The GEI was evaluated using methodologies based on mixed models, analysis of variance, linear regression, multivariate, and nonparametric analysis. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to verify similarities in the genotype selection process by different methodologies. The Annicchiarico, Lin and Binns modified methodologies, as well as the Harmonic Mean of the Genetic Values (HMGV) allowed to identify simultaneously highly stable and productive genotypes. The grain yield is not associated with Wricke, Eberhart and Russell stability parameters, scores of the first principal component of the AMMI1 method, and GGE biplot stability, indicating that stable genotypes are not always more productive. The data analyzed in this study showed that the AMMI1 and GGE biplot methods are equivalent to rank genotypes for stability and adaptability.

ABSTRACT Improvement of quality-related traits of grains is a constant concern in white oat breeding programs, which challenges breeders to understand their dynamics. The performance of different genetic combinations must be thoroughly evaluated to make high nutritional quality cultivars available. This study aimed to estimate the heterosis on F1 and F2 generations, vigor loss, due to inbreeding, and correlation between the grain chemical components to understand the dynamics of these traits, considering two segregating oat progenies. The populations Albasul × UPF 15 (population 1) and IAC 7 × UFRGS 19 (population 2) were developed. Both populations showed transgressive segregant individuals. The combination Albasul × UPF 15 provided significant heterosis for traits β-glucan total and soluble fiber contents, while the population obtained by crossing IAC 7 × UFRGS 19 generated significant gain by heterosis for total fiber, insoluble fibers and non-structural carbohydrate contents. Considering the F2 average for each population, one can observe that population 1 presents higher β-glucan and lipid contents than population 2. On the other hand, population 2 has higher protein content than population 1. In both populations, the non-structural carbohydrate content is strongly and negatively correlated whith protein, total and insoluble fibers. Correlations between total fibers and lipids and between total fibers and insoluble fibers were both positive and high in both populations.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as propriedades químicas da cariopse de aveia-branca (Avena sativa) e determinar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares recomendadas para cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul. Os ensaios foram realizados nas safras de 2007, 2008 e 2009, em três municípios: Augusto Pestana, Capão do Leão e Passo Fundo. Foram avaliadas 15 cultivares, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram determinados os teores de proteína, lipídeos e extrativos não nitrogenados na cariopse. O desempenho das cultivares quanto aos caracteres avaliados variou conforme o local e ano de cultivo. A cultivar URS Guapa apresentou elevado conteúdo de extrativos não nitrogenados na cariopse, e baixos de proteína e lipídeo. 'FAPA Louise' apresentou elevado conteúdo de lipídeo, enquanto que 'Albasul', 'UPF 15' e 'UPF 18' apresentaram elevado conteúdo de proteína e baixo teor de extrativos não nitrogenados. Não há evidência de um biótipo ideal para os caracteres avaliados, que apresente, simultaneamente, elevado desempenho médio, adaptabilidade a ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis, e estabilidade.

The objective of this work was to characterize the chemical properties of white oat (Avena sativa) caryopsis and to determine the adaptability and stability of cultivars recommended for cultivation in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The trials were carried out in the 2007, 2008 and 2009 crop seasons, in three municipalities: Augusto Pestana, Capão do Leão, and Passo Fundo. Fifteen cultivars were evaluated in a randomized block design, with four replicates. The contents of protein, lipid, and nitrogen-free extract were evaluated in the caryopsis. Cultivar performances for the measured characters varied according to location and year of cultivation. The cultivar URS Guapa showed high content of nitrogen-free extract and low contents of protein and lipid in the caryopsis. 'FAPA Louise' showed high content of lipid, whereas 'Albasul', 'UPF 15', and 'UPF 18' showed high content of protein and low content of nitrogen-free extract. There is no evidence of an ideal biotype for the evaluated characters, which could simultaneously show high average performance, adaptability to favorable and unfavorable environments, and stability.